Important Events of Indian History

Indian History began with Homo Sapiens about 65000 years ago. Homo Sapiens reached the Indus Valley via Africa, South India, Baluchistan and established urbanization here, due to which the Indus Valley Civilization developed. Indian history begins with the mystical culture of the Indus Valley and extends to the peasant communities in the southern regions of India. There is a detailed description of Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age in Indian history. In today's blog we will learn in detail about India.

Parts of Indian History 

Indian History in Hindi is divided into three parts.

•  Ancient India
  
  
•  Medieval India
  
  
•  Modern India

Ancient India

 The history of ancient India ranges from the Stone Age to the Islamic invasions. After the Islamic invasion, Medieval India begins in India.

 Events in ancient Indian history

 In this blog of Indian History in Hindi, the events of ancient Indian history are as follows: -

• Prehistoric period: 400000 BC-1000 BC: During this time man discovered fire and the wheel.
  
  
•  Indus Valley Civilization: 2500 BC-1500 BC: Indus Valley Civilization was the first systematically settled civilization. The beginning of urbanization is considered to be from the Indus Valley Civilization.
  
  
•  Epic Age: 1000 BC-600 BC: During this period, Vedas were compiled, and divisions of classes were formed like Arya and Das.
  
  
•  Hinduism and change: 600 BC-322 BC: During this time the caste system was at its peak. The result of this conservatism in the society was the birth of Mahavir and Buddha. Mahajan padas were formed during this time. 600 BC- 322 BC Bimbisaar, Ajata Shatru, Shisunanga and Nanda dynasties were born.
  
  
•  Maurya period: 322 BC-185 BC: This empire established by Chandragupta Maurya included the entire North India, which was further expanded by Bindusara. The Kalinga War is an event of this period, after which King Ashoka adopted Buddhism.
  
  
•  Invasions: 185 BC-320 ADS: During this period there were invasions by Bactrian, Parthian, Shaka and Kushan. Central Asia opened for trade, gold coins were introduced, and the Saka era began.
  
  
•  Deccan and South: 65 BC-250 ADS: During this period, Chola, Chera and Pandya dynasties ruled over South India. The construction of Ajanta-Ellora caves is the result of this period, apart from this, Sangam literature and the arrival of Christianity in India.
  
  
•  Gupta Empire: 320 AD-520 ADS: During this period, Chandragupta I established the Gupta Empire, the classical era arrived in North India, Samudragupta expanded his dynasty and Chandragupta II fought against Shaka. Shakuntalam and Kama Sutra were composed in this era only. Aryabhata did amazing work in astronomy and Bhakti cult also emerged during this time.
  
  
• Emergence of small states: 500 AD-606 ADS: This era saw migration into Central Asia and Iran with the arrival of the Huns in North India. In the North, many small states were formed due to wars between many dynasties.
  
  
•  Harshavardhana: 606 AD-647 ADS: During the reign of Harshavardhana, the famous Chinese traveler Hen Tsang traveled to India. Due to the attack of Huns, Harshvardhan's kingdom got divided into many small states. During this time the Deccan and the South became very powerful.
  
  
•  Southern Dynasty: 500 AD-750 ADS: During this period, the Chalukya, Pallava and Pandya empires emerged and the Parsis arrived in India.
  
  
•  Chola Empire: 9th century AD-13th century AD: The Chola Empire established by Vijayalas adopted a maritime policy. During this time, temples began to become cultural and social centers and the Dravidian language began to flourish.
  
  
•  Northern Empire: 750 AD-1206 AD: During this time, Rashtrakutas became powerful, Pratihara ruled Avanti and Palas ruled Bengal. Along with this, Rajputs were rising in Central India. During this time, the Turks invaded India, after which medieval India began.

Indus Valley Civilization

 Indian history was born with the Indus Valley Civilization. The Harappan civilization is also considered to have started from here. The Indus Valley Civilization spread in the western part of South Asia around 2500 BC. Important information about Indus Valley Civilization in Indian History in Hindi is given below:

 Today it is known as Pakistan and Western India.

 Indus Valley Civilization is divided into 4 parts:

•  Indus Valley Alloy
  
  
•  Mesopotamia
  
  
•  India
  
  
•  China

 Nothing was known about the Indus Valley Civilization until 1920.

 But when the Indian Archaeological Department excavated this valley, they came to know about two old cities.

•  Mohenjodaro
  
  
•  Harappa
  
  

 All the things were found somewhere here:

•  Household items
  
  
•  Weapons of war
  
  
•  Gold jewelry
  
  
•  Silver jeweler
  
  
•  Seal
  
  
•  Toys
  
  
•  Utensil

• This area shows that about 5000 years ago a highly developed civilization was spread here. The Indus Valley Civilization was an urban civilization. Within it, people lived inside well-planned and well-planned towns.

•  Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the center of trade.
  
  
•  Harappa and Mohenjodaro represent the ruins.
  
  
•  The weapons they had were grand trading cities and were built scientifically.
  
  
•  All these things were very well taken care of.
  
  
•  This civilization also had wide roads and well-developed drainage systems.
  
  
•  The houses here were mostly made of bricks.
  
  
•  Also, there were two or more floors here.

•  The Harappan civilization also had the art of growing grains, wheat and barley. Here people prepare their food in this way. People of that time consumed vegetables and fruits along with other things like meat, pig, eggs etc.

•  It has also been learned that he used to wear woolen and cotton clothes.
  
  
•  The Harappan civilization ended by 1500 BC.
  
  
•  The Indus Valley Civilization was also destroyed due to other natural disasters.

Buddhism

 Lord Buddha is also known as Gautam Buddha, Siddhartha and Tathagata. Buddha's father's name was Kapilvastu, he was King Shuddhodana and his mother's name was Queen Mahamaya Devi. Buddha's wife's name was Yashodhara and his son's name was Rahul. Lord Mercury was born on the full moon day of Vaishakh month in 563 BC in Lumbini, Nepal. To know this, on this day in 528 BC, he came to know the truth in Bodh Gaya, India and also on this day in 483 BC, he attained Nirvana (death) in Kushinagar, India at the age of 80. Let us know in detail about Buddhism in Indian History in Hindi.

 It has also been mentioned that when Mercury attained true enlightenment, in the same year, on the full moon day of Ashadh, he reached Mrigadava (present day Sarnath) near Kashi. It is also known that it was there that he gave his first sermon, in which he asked people to adopt the middle path. It is also mentioned that he suggested the Four Noble Truths i.e. Eightfold Path for the causes and prevention of suffering, emphasized on non-violence, and condemned Yagya, rituals and animal sacrifice.

Gupta Empire

 The Gupta Empire had two important kings, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II. It was through the people of the Gupta dynasty that the unity of Sanskrit was united again. Chandragupta I established the Gupta dynasty in 320 AD and this dynasty ruled till about 510 AD. In 463-473 AD, all were kings of the Gupta dynasty, except Narasimhagupta Baladitya. Laditya had adopted Buddhism, initially he ruled only Magadha, but then gradually he brought the entire North India under his control. The emperors of the Gupta dynasty were Shrigupta, Ghatotkacha, Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, Ramgupta, Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I (Mahendraditya) and Skandagupta respectively. There was no such powerful central power in the country, which could establish a unified governance system by conquering different small and big states. This period was telling about the opportunity for maximum improvement to fulfill the ambitions of a great commander. As a result, such great and great commanders were being destroyed in the Gupta dynasty of Magadha.

 Introduction to Maurya Empire

 The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia, based in Magadha, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC. The Maurya Empire was centralized by the conquest of the Indo-Gangetic plain, and its capital was located at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Outside this imperial center, the geographical extent of the empire depended on the loyalty of the military commanders who controlled the armed cities that sprinkled it. During the reign of Ashoka (268–232 BCE), the empire briefly controlled the major urban centers and arteries of the Indian subcontinent except the deep south. It declined after about 50 years of Ashoka's rule, and was dissolved in 185 BCE with the assassination of Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga and the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.

Medieval India

 The beginning of medieval India is considered to be from the Islamic invasion of India. Taimur, the ruler of present-day Uzbekistan, and Babar, a descendant of Genghis Khan, crossed the Khyber Pass in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire there, where today Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh lie. Is. With the arrival of Babar in India, the Mughal dynasty was established in India. The Mughal dynasty ruled India until 1600. After 1700, this dynasty began to decline and British rule began to spread. The Mughal dynasty was completely destroyed in 1857 during India's first war of independence.

 Events in Medieval India

 In this blog of Indian History in Hindi, the events of medieval India are given below:-

•  Early Medieval period (8th to 11th century): This period followed the fall of the Gupta Empire and the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate, which resulted in India being divided into many small kingdoms.
  
  
•  Late Medieval period (12th to 18th century): During this period, Muslim invasions in the West gained momentum, while on the other hand, Ghulam dynasty, Khilji dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty, Syed dynasty and Lodi dynasty emerged in Delhi Sultanate.
  
  
•  Rise of the Vijayanagar Empire: The Vijayanagar Empire was founded by two brothers named Harihara and Bukka. It was the only Hindu state of that time which was attacked by Allauddin Khilji. After which Harihar and Bukka adopted Muslim religion.
  
  
•  Mughal Dynasty: The Delhi Sultanate came to an end with the beginning of the Mughal dynasty. The Mughal dynasty was established in India after Babar invaded India. With the revolution of 1857, the Mughal dynasty collapsed, and modern India began with British rule.

Anglo-Maratha War

 One of the most important events in Indian History in Hindi, the Anglo-Maratha War, covers the events of the conflict between the Marathas and the British. Balaji Baji Rao was the one who died in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 after the defeat of the Marathas. He was succeeded by his son Madhava Rao. While Balaji Baji Rao's brother Raghunath Rao became the next Peshwa. The British fought the first war with the Marathas after the death of Madhav Rao in 1772. Below in this blog of Indian History in Hindi is a summary of the events that will help you understand this important phase of medieval India, which took place during the Anglo-Maratha War:

•  After the death of Madhavrao I, there was conflict in the Maratha camp. Narayanrao was on his way to becoming Peshwa, however, his uncle Raghunath Rao also wanted to become a priest.
  
  
•  Therefore, after the intervention of the English, the Treaty of Surat was signed in 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunath Rao gave 2500 soldiers to the English in exchange for Salsette and Bassein.
  
  
•  Under Warren Hastings, the British Calcutta Council abrogated this treaty, and the Purandar Treaty was concluded in 1776 between the Calcutta Council and a Maratha minister, Nana Fadnavis.
  
  
•  As a result, only Raghunath Rao was granted a pension and the British retained Salsette.
  
  
•  But the British establishment in Bombay violated this treaty and shielded Raghunath Rao.
  
  
•  In 1777, Nana Fadnavis, going against his treaty with the Calcutta Council, granted a port on the west coast of France.
  
  
•  This led the British to send him to Pune. A battle took place at Vadgaon near Pune in which the Marathas under Mahad Ji Shinde claimed a decisive victory over the English.
  
  
•  In 1779, the British were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon.
  
  
•  At the end of the Anglo-Maratha Wars, the Treaty of Salbai was concluded in 1782 which formed an eventful milestone in Indian history.

Growth of trade under the Mughal Empire

 The rise of the Mughal Empire is also a turning point in Indian history. The advent of the Mughal Empire led to an increase in imports and exports in India. Foreign people started coming to India for trade like Dutch, Jews, British.

•  There were a large number of Indian trading groups spread throughout the region. These included the Seths and Bohras, long-distance traders; Banik- local businessman; Banjaras often traveled long distances with their goods on the backs of oxen, another class of traders who specialized in the transportation of bulk goods. Also, heavy goods were transported on boats across the rivers.
  
  
•  Hindus, Jains and Muslims were among the Gujarati traders, while Oswals, Maheshwaris and Agrawals came to be known as Marwaris in Rajasthan.
  
  
•  In South India, the most important trading societies were those of the Coromandel, the Chettis, the Muslim Malabar traders, etc. on the coast of Bengal—sugar, rice as well as delicate muslin and silk.
  
  
•  Gujarat, from where fine textiles and silk were transported to northern India, was an entry point for foreign goods. Some metals such as metals were the main imports into India. Imports of luxury pieces including copper and tin, warhorses and warhorses, ivory, gold and silver are balanced by trade.

Art and Architecture under the Mughal Empire

 A plethora of Indian historical monuments were built during the reign of the Mughals and became an essential part of Indian history. Here is a summary of popular art and architecture under the Mughal Empire:

•  The Mughals were fond of laying out gardens with running water. Some of the Mughal gardens are Nishat Bagh in Kashmir, Shalimar Bagh in Lahore and Pinjore Bagh in Punjab.
  
  
•  During the reign of Sher Shah, the mausoleum at Sasaram in Bihar and the Purana Qila near Delhi were built.
  
  
•  With the dawn of Akbar, construction of buildings began on a wide scale. Many forts were designed by him and the most prominent was the Agra Fort. It was built from red sandstone. His other strongholds are in Lahore and Allahabad.
  
  
•  The famous Red Fort in Delhi was built by Shah Jahan with its Rang Mahal, Diwan-e-Aam and Diwan-e-Khwaswas.
  
  
•  A palace cum fort complex at Fatehpur Sikri was also built by Akbar (Vijay City).
  
  
•  Many Gujarati and Bengali style buildings are also found in this complex.
  
  
•  For their Rajput mothers, buildings in Gujarati style were probably built. The most majestic structure in it is the Jama Masjid and its gateway, known as the Buland Darwaza or Buland Gate.
  
  
•  The height of the entrance gate is 176 feet. It was built to commemorate Akbar's victory over Gujarat.
  
  
•  Jodhabai's palace and the five-storey Panch Mahal are other important buildings of Fatehpur Sikri.
  
  
•  Humayun's Tomb was built during the rule of Akbar in Delhi and has a massive dome of marble.
  
  
•  Akbar's tomb was built by Jahangir at Sikandra near Agra.
  
  
•  The tomb of Itmad Daulah in Agra was built by Noor Jahan.
  
  
• The Taj Mahal was constructed entirely of white marble, with floral designs on the walls made of semi-precious stones. During the reign of Shah Jahan, this method became more popular. Built by Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal is considered one of the seven wonders of history. For its construction, the pietra dura process was used extensively. It includes all the architectural forms that were created by the Mughals. The main glory of the Taj is the elaborate dome and four slender minarets whose decoration has been kept to a minimum.

History of Awadh

 Important events of the history of Awadh in Indian History in Hindi are given below:

•  Awadh was a historical region of northern India, now the north-eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh. It took its name from the Kosala capital of the Ayodhya kingdom and became part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century.
  
  
•  In 1800, the British annexed it as part of their empire. 1722 AD When the province of Awadh became independent in 1777, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah appointed Saadat Khan, a Persian Shia, as the governor of Awadh.
  
  
•  Saadat Khan helped overthrow the Sayyid brothers. Saadat Khan was deputed by the king to negotiate with Nadir Shah to persuade him to return to his country in return for the destruction of the city and payment of a large sum of money. When Nadir Shah failed to receive the promised wealth, his anger was felt by the people of Delhi. He ordered a general slaughter. Saadat Khan committed suicide due to humiliation and shame.
  
  
•  Safdar Jang, also known as the Wazir of the Mughal Empire, was the next Nawab of Awadh. He was succeeded by his uncle Shuja-ud-Daula. A strong army was organized by the Awadh king, which included Muslims and Hindus, along with Nagas and Sanyasis. The Awadh ruler had authority up to Rohilkhand, the area east of Delhi. A large number of Afghans from the mountain ranges of the North-West Frontier, called Rohills, settled in it.

Summary of Awadh Nawabs

• Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk (1722-1739 A.D.): As an autonomous state, he established the Mughal Empire in 1722 A.D. Established Awadh in. During the invasion of Nadir Shah, he was named governor by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah and played a very important role in imperial affairs until he committed suicide for the sake of name and honors.
  
  
•  Safdar Jang/Adbul Mansoor (1739-1754 AD): Saadat Khan, who took part in the battle of Manpur against Ahmed Shah Abdali, was the son-in-law of Saadat Khan (1748 AD).
  
  
•  Shuja-ud-Daula (1754-1775 AD): Son of Safdarjung, he was an ally of Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan. After defeating the Rohillas with the help of the British, he returned Rohilkhand to Awadh in AD 1774.
  
  
•  Asaf-ud-Duala: He was famous for promoting the culture of Lucknow and built important monuments like Imambara and Rumi Darwaza. He concluded the Treaty of Faizabad (1755 AD) with the British.
  
  
•  Wajid Ali Shah: He was widely said to be Jaan-e-Alam and Akhtar Piya and the last king of Awadh, but the British Lord Dalhousie was deposed on the basis of misunderstanding. Artists of classical music and dance styles, such as the Kalka-Binda brothers, found spots in the court there.

Modern India

 From the decline of the Mughal period till India's independence and the present has been kept in the category of modern India. In the beginning of the twentieth century, struggles began in India to gain independence from British rule. This period gave birth to movement, revolution and protest.

Events of Modern India

 Let us know the events of modern India in this blog of Indian History in Hindi: -

•  Rise of regional states and European power: During this period, small states like Punjab, Mysore, Awadh, Hyderabad, Bengal expanded. Along with this, Portuguese colony, Dutch colony, French colony and English colony were established.
  
  
•  British Supremacy and Acts: This period saw the Battle of Buxar, Subsidiary Treaty, Doctrine of Lapse, Regulating Act 1773, Pitt's India Act 1784, Charter Act, 1793, Charter Act of 1813, Charter Act of 1833 AD, Charter of 1853 AD Events like Act, Government of India Act of 1858 AD, Act of 1861, Act of 1892 AD, Indian Council Act of 1909 AD, Government of India Act – 1935, Montague-Chelmsford Reforms i.e. Government of India Act-1919 were carried out.
  
  
•  18th century rebellions and reforms: This period saw the birth of social reformers like Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, Ishwarchand Vidyasagar, Dejerio and Young Bengal, Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj.
  
  
• Indian National Movement: During this period, many types of movements emerged to liberate India from British rule such as: development of education, development of Indian press, Indian National Congress, Jallianwala Bagh, establishment of Muslim League, anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha. Swadeshi Movement, Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act 1919, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, Simon Commission, Nehru Report, Quit India Movement, Cabinet Mission Plan, Interim Government, Constitutional Assembly, Mountbatten Plan and Partition of India, Reforms in South India, Western India Reform Movement, Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement, Muslim Reform Movement etc.

Types of History

 Indian History in Hindi lists the types of history given below:

•  Political History
  
  
•  Social History
  
  
•  Cultural History
  
  
•  Religious History
  
  
•  Economic History
  
  
•  Constitutional History
  
  
•  Diplomatic History
  
  
•  Colonial History
  
  
•  Parliamentary History
  
  
•  Military History
  
  
•  History of the world
  
  
•  Regional History